German Apothecary

A bit of history related to the discovery of polystyrene

History of Polystyrene foam:
Polystyrene was accidentally discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon; an apothecary in Berlin, Germany. From storax, the resin of Liquidambar orientalis, he distilled an oily substance, a monomer that he named styrol. Several days later Simon found that the styrol had thickened, presumably due to oxidation, into a jelly he dubbed styrol oxide (“Styroloxyd”). By 1845 English chemist John Blyth and German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann showed that the same transformation of styrol took place in the absence of oxygen. They called their substance metastyrol. Analysis later showed that it was chemically identical to Styroloxyd. In 1866 Marcelin Berthelot correctly identified the formation of metastyrol from styrol as a polymerization process. About 80 years went by before it was realized that heating of styrol starts a chain reaction, which produces macromolecules, following the thesis of German organic chemist Hermann Staudinger (1881 – 1965). This eventually led to the substance receiving its present name, polystyrene. The I.G. Farben Company began manufacturing polystyrene in Ludwigshafen, Germany, about 1931, hoping it would be a suitable replacement for die cast zinc in many applications. Success was achieved when they developed a reactor vessel that extruded polystyrene through a heated tube and cutter, producing polystyrene in pellet form.
Characteristics of Polystyrene:
Pure solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be cast into molds with fine detail. Polystyrene can be transparent or can be made to take on various colors. It is economical and is used for producing plastic model assembly kits, plastic cutlery, CD “jewel” cases, and many other objects where a fairly rigid, economical plastic of any of various colors is desired.
Polystyrene’s most common use, however, is as expanded polystyrene (EPS). Expanded polystyrene is produced from a mixture of about 90-95% polystyrene and 5-10% gaseous blowing agent, most commonly pentane or carbon dioxide. Through the use of heat, usually stem, the solid plastic is expanded into foam.
Expanded polystyrene used to contain CFCs, but other, more environmentally safe blowing agents are now used. Because it is an aromatic hydrocarbon, it burns with an orange-yellow flame, giving off soot.

Uses for Polystyrene:
Polystyrene, shaped and cut with hot wire foam cutters, is used in architecture models, actual signage, amusement parks, movie sets, airplane construction, aerospace and much more. Such cutters may cost just a few dollars (for a completely manual cutter) to tens of thousands of dollars for large CNC machines that can be used in high-volume industrial production.
Cutting EPS foam:
Expanded polystyrene is very easily cut with a hot-wire foam cutter, which is easily made by a heated and taut length of wire, usually nichrome. The hot wire foam cutter works by heating the wire to the point where it can vaporize foam immediately adjacent to it. The foam gets vaporized before actually touching the heated wire, which yields exceptionally smooth cuts.
Polystyrene can also be cut with a traditional cutter. In order to do this without ruining the sides of the blade one must first dip the blade in water and cut with the blade at an angle of about 30?. The procedure has to be repeated multiple times for best results.
Polystyrene can also be cut on 3 and 5-axis CNC routers, enabling large-scale prototyping and model-making. Special polystyrene cutters are available that look more like large cylindrical rasps

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Dawn of War II: Apothecary vs Chaos Lord 1v1 Part 3 of 4

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The Apothecary by Blum, Martha Edition , 1 $11.49 A dramatic novel exploring the lives of those caught up in the dreadful and arbitrary violence of World War II in Czernowitz, and its aftermath in Vienna. The Apothecary continues the story of the characters from The Walnut Tree, this time focusing on Felix. Like his sister Sussel, Felix is a pharmacist, and the book follows his life, and those of several other important characters, from the city of Czernowitz during the war years to Vienna in the 1960s. The forties are presented with the immediacy and reality that could only be supplied by someone who has lived this astonishing experience. Felix saves a young Jewish girl from being deported by the Russians, and procures the release of his own parents from cattle cars because a local Soviet official is in love with him. Then, when the German army moves in, Felix has to escape on his own, fleeing into the Caucasus Mountains to save his life. Twenty years on, Felix finds his childhood sweetheart, Martina, in Vienna, married to a former German soldier. Gerhardt is wracked by guilt because of his actions in Czernowitz during the war. Gerhardt’s story, Martina’s, Felix’s and others, are all told with the same intense intimacy of detail. The Apothecary is filled with fascinating characters and chilling circumstances. Its style and originality, its charm and vividness, its lovely imagery and its wisdom, all make it an important book. It is the third book in an informal trilogy dealing with Jewish life in both cosmopolitan cities and in an East European village in the first half of the 20th Century – an outstanding literary accomplishment.

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The Apothecary’s Daughter $14.99 “>>>Historical Fiction>>> >As Lilly toils in her father’s apothecary, preparing herbs and remedies by rote, she is haunted by memories of her mother’s disappearance. Villagers whisper the tale, but her father refuses to discuss it. All the while, she dreams of the world beyond-of travel and adventure and romance.> >When a relative offers to host her in London, Lilly discovers the pleasures and pitfalls of fashionable society and suitors, as well as clues about her mother. But will Lilly find what she is searching for-the truth of the past and a love for the future?> >Blending romance, family drama, and fascinating historical detail, The Apothecary’s Daughter is a novel to savor and share.>> >>Product Details>>Page Count: 416>Dimensions: 8.4″ (L) x 5.6″ (W) x 1.1″ (D)>Released: 01/2009> >”

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