German Medical Microbiological
Killer Cucumbers
The world’s biggest outbreak of a deadly form of E.coli bacteria has claimed another life as it continues to spread across Europe.
Health officials say the virus, believed to have originated from organic cucumbers imported from Spain , has killed 10 people and infected hundreds more in Germany.
The epicentre of the outbreak has been in the country’s north with more than 270 people contracting the disease in recent weeks – four times the normal annual figure of about 60.
Three cases have also been reported in Britain , a further 25 in Sweden and seven in Denmark.
In Austria there have been two cases, while the Netherlands and Switzerland have each had one suspected case.
All of the cases are understood to have been linked with travel to Germany.
Experts said the outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which affects the blood, kidneys and, in severe cases, the nervous system, was the largest ever in Germany – and the biggest of its kind worldwide.
An 86-year-old woman was the latest victim of the bug after she died in the University Hospital Luebeck on Saturday.
Her husband is among about 70 patients being treated for the bacteria at the northern Germany hospital, whose doctors say they expect to see 10 new cases a day in the coming weeks.
Health officials have advised people in affected areas in Europe to avoid eating cucumbers, tomatoes and lettuce.
Some of these products have been removed from shop shelves.
But the Food Standards Agency has confirmed that the offending cucumbers have not been on sale at any outlets in the UK.
What is E. Coli Bacteria
Escherichia coli commonly abbreviated E. coli; named after Theodor Escherich) is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some, such as serotype O157:H7, can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine.
E. coli are not always confined to the intestine, and their ability to survive for brief periods outside the body makes them an ideal indicator organism to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. The bacteria can also be grown easily and its genetics are comparatively simple and easily manipulated or duplicated through a process of metagenics, making it one of the best-studied prokaryotic model organisms, and an important species in biotechnology and microbiology.
E. coli was discovered by German pediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherich in 1885,[6] and is now classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family of gamma-proteobacteria.
Biology and biochemistry
E. coli is Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic and non-sporulating. Cells are typically rod-shaped and are about 2 micrometres (μm) long and 0.5 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6 – 0.7 (μm)3. It can live on a wide variety of substrates. E. coli uses mixed-acid fermentation in anaerobic conditions, producing lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate and carbon dioxide. Since many pathways in mixed-acid fermentation produce hydrogen gas, these pathways require the levels of hydrogen to be low, as is the case when E. coli lives together with hydrogen-consuming organisms such as methanogens or sulphate-reducing bacteria.
Optimal growth of E. coli occurs at 37°C (98.6°F) but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures of up to 49°C (120.2°F). Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, using a large variety of redox pairs, including the oxidation of pyruvic acid, formic acid, hydrogen and amino acids, and the reduction of substrates such as oxygen, nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide and trimethylamine N-oxide.
Strains that possess flagella can swim and are motile. The flagella have a peritrichous arrangement.
E. coli and related bacteria possess the ability to transfer DNA via bacterial conjugation, transduction or transformation, which allows genetic material to spread horizontally through an existing population. This process led to the spread of the gene encoding shiga toxin from Shigella to E. coli O157:H7, carried by a bacteriophage.
Diversity
As more is known about certain organisms, such as genetic information, the taxonomic classification of species is changed to reflect the advance in knowledge, however in the case of Escherichia coli due to its medical importance, this has not occurred (namely split into several genera/species) and remains one of the most diverse bacterial species: only 20% of the genome is common to all strains. In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus Shigella (dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei) are actually E. coli strains “in disguise” (i.e. E.coli is paraphyletic to the genus).
A strain of E. coli is a sub-group within the species that has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other E. coli strains. These differences are often detectable only at the molecular level; however, they may result in changes to the physiology or lifecycle of the bacterium. For example, a strain may gain pathogenic capacity, the ability to use a unique carbon source, the ability to take upon a particular ecological niche or the ability to resist antimicrobial agents. Different strains of E. coli are often host-specific, making it possible to determine the source of faecal contamination in environmental samples. For example, knowing which E. coli strains are present in a water sample allows researchers to make assumptions about whether the contamination originated from a human, another mammal or a bird.
A common subdivison system of E.coli, but not based on evolutionary relatedness, is by serotype, which is based on major surface antigens (O antigen: part of lipopolysaccharide layer; H: flagellin; K antigen: capsule), e.g. O157:H7)[19] (NB: K-12, the common laboratory strain is not a serotype.)
New strains of E. coli evolve through the natural biological process of mutation and through horizontal gene transfer. Some strains develop traits that can be harmful to a host animal. These virulent strains typically cause a bout of diarrhoea that is unpleasant in healthy adults and is often lethal to children in the developing world. More virulent strains, such as O157:H7 cause serious illness or death in the elderly, the very young or the immunocompromised.
E. coli is the type species of the genus and the neotype strain is ATCC 11775, also known as NCTC 9001,[22] which is pathogenic to chickens and has a O1:K1:H7 serotype.[23] However, in most studies either O157:H7 or K-12 MG1655 or K-12 W3110 are used as a representative E.coli.
Role as normal microbiota
E. coli normally colonizes an infant’s gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth, arriving with food or water or with the individuals handling the child. In the bowel, it adheres to the mucus of the large intestine. It is the primary facultative anaerobe of the human gastrointestinal tract. (Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen.) As long as these bacteria do not acquire genetic elements encoding for virulence factors, they remain benign commensals.
Therapeutic use of nonpathogenic E. coli
Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 also known as Mutaflor is used as a probiotic agent in medicine, mainly for the treatment of various gastroenterological diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease.
Role in Diseases
Virulent strains of E. coli can cause gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis. In rarer cases, virulent strains are also responsible for haemolytic-uremic syndrome, peritonitis, mastitis, septicaemia and Gram-negative pneumonia.
Gastrointestinal infection
Certain strains of E. coli, such as O157:H7, O121, O26, O103, O111, O145,and O104:H21, produce potentially lethal toxins. Food poisoning caused by E. coli is usually caused by eating unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat. O157:H7 is also notorious for causing serious and even life-threatening complications such as Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. This particular strain is linked to the 2006 United States E. coli outbreak due to fresh spinach. Severity of the illness varies considerably; it can be fatal, particularly to young children, the elderly or the immunocompromised, but is more often mild. Earlier, poor hygienic methods of preparing meat in Scotland killed seven people in 1996 due to E. coli poisoning, and left hundreds more infected. E. coli can harbour both heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins. The latter, termed LT, contains one A subunit and five B subunits arranged into one holotoxin, and is highly similar in structure and function to cholera toxins. The B subunits assist in adherence and entry of the toxin into host intestinal cells, while the A subunit is cleaved and prevents cells from absorbing water, causing diarrhea. LT is secreted by the Type 2 secretion pathway.
If E. coli bacteria escape the intestinal tract through a perforation (for example from an ulcer, a ruptured appendix, or due to a surgical error) and enter the abdomen, they usually cause peritonitis that can be fatal without prompt treatment. However, E. coli are extremely sensitive to such antibiotics as streptomycin or gentamicin. This could change since, as noted below, E. coli quickly acquires drug resistance. Recent research suggests that treatment with antibiotics does not improve the outcome of the disease[citation needed], and may in fact significantly increase the chance of developing haemolytic-uremic syndrome.
Intestinal mucosa-associated E. coli are observed in increased numbers in the inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Invasive strains of E. coli exist in high numbers in the inflamed tissue, and the number of bacteria in the inflamed regions correlates to the severity of the bowel inflammation.
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Imporrtant People of Medical History- Louis Pasteur
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Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice, Second Edition $122.00 The second edition of Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice presents the latest molecular diagnostic techniques to support clinical care and basic and clinical research. The authors all experienced researchers and diagnosticians have conducted a comprehensive review and evaluation of this rapidly evolving field and provide the new material in an easy-to-read summary format. Mo… |
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Bacteria: The Benign, the Bad, and the Beautiful $27.31 A comprehensive, reader-friendly introduction to the world of bacteriaWhen most people hear the word “bacteria” they think of food poisoning; infections; and acute, debilitating, or fatal diseases. Yet, while E. coli, strep, and other bacterial pathogens certainly cause their share of misery in the world, they are only a tiny portion of a vast universe of microorganisms—the most basic of life fo… |
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Handbook of Microbiological Media By Atlas, Ronald M. $316.89 Handbook of Microbiological Media, Fourth Edition is an invaluable reference for every medical, veterinary, diagnostic, and academic laboratory… and now in its fourth edition, it is even more complete. This edition carries on the tradition of CRC Press handbook excellence, listing the formulations, methods of preparation, and uses for more than 7000 microbiological media. With 1500 more entries than any previous edition, the handbook includes both classic and modern media used for the identification, cultivation, and maintenance of diverse bacteria, archaea, and fungi. The breadth of culture media in this comprehensive resource is enormous and has greatly expanded in recent years with the exploration of extreme habitats and the use of molecular methods to identify new lineages of bacteria and archaea. The media also represent significant advances in the ability to use chromogenic substrates to identify specific species and strains of bacteria, e.g., E. coli O157 and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These media are extremely useful for clinical diagnostics and for the protection of the food supply from pathogenic microorganisms. The entries are arranged alphabetically by medium name and include composition, instructions for preparation, commercial sources, safety cautions, uses, and more. This reference contains the most comprehensive compilation of microbiological media available in a single volume. The only resource you need for all media types, it makes finding media for culturing diverse microorganisms quick and simple. With uniform presentations of media formulations and preparations, it presents easytofollow directions and cookbook recipes for preparing media. You wont find a more complete or userfriendly microbiology reference anywhere. BOOK JACKET. Author: Atlas, Ronald M. Publication Date: 2010/03/09 Number of Pages: 2036 Binding Type: Hardcover Language: English Depth: 2.75 Width: 8.50 Height: 11.00 |
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Medical Vademecum in German and English $45.31 Author: B, Lewis Binding Type: Paperback Publication Date: 2010/10/15 Language: English Dimensions: 9.69 x 7.44 x 1.18 inches |
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Handbook of Microbiological Media, Fourth Edition by Atlas, Ronald M. Edition REV, 4 $94.99 Handbook of Microbiological Media, Fourth Edition is an invaluable reference for every medical, veterinary, diagnostic, and academic laboratory, and now in its fourth edition, it is even more complete. This edition carries on the tradition of CRC Press handbook excellence, listing the formulations, methods of preparation, and uses for more than 7000 microbiological media. With 1500 more entries than any previous edition, the handbook includes both classic and modern media used for the identification, cultivation, and maintenance of diverse bacteria, archaea, and fungi. The breadth of culture media in this comprehensive resource is enormous and has greatly expanded in recent years with the exploration of extreme habitats and the use of molecular methods to identify new lineages of bacteria and archaea. The media also represent significant advances in the ability to use chromogenic substrates to identify specific species and strains of bacteria, e.g., E. coli O157 and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These media are extremely useful for clinical diagnostics and for the protection of the food supply from pathogenic microorganisms.With over 7000 formulations, this new edition includes all the media used for:Routine examination of food and waterCultivating specific strains of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists, including many anaerobes and extremophilesCultivating the numerous microorganisms currently available from the world?s global bioresource centers (BRCs)Additionally, many culture media are now available that are free of animal components. Plant based media eliminate possible contamination with prions, which is important for production of vaccines and pharmaceuticals.The entries are arranged alphabetically by medium name and include composition, instructions for preparation, commercial sources, safety cautions, uses, and more. This reference contains the most comprehensive compilation of microbiological media available in a single volume. The only resource you need for all media types, it makes finding media for culturing diverse microorganisms quick and simple. With uniform presentations of media formulations and preparations, it presents easy-to-follow directions and cookbook recipes for preparing media. You won?t find a more complete or user-friendly microbiology reference anywhere. |
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Microbiological Hazards in Fresh Leafy Vegetables and Herbs $40 Microbiological Hazards in Fresh Leafy Vegetables and Herbs |
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Principles of Microbiological Troubleshooting in the Industrial Food Processing Environment $129 Principles of Microbiological Troubleshooting in the Industrial Food Processing Environment |
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Microbiological Culture $81.25 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined media. For example, a throat culture is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a media to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, the caustive agent of strep throat. Furthermore, the term culture is more generally used informally to refer to selectively growing a specific kind of microorganism in the lab. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 124 Publication Date: 2010/12/03 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.29 inches |
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Microbiological Assay for Pharmaceutical Analysis $269.95 A user-friendly guide for the evaluation of microbiological assays, this book provides a lucid explanation of the sources of error in microbiological assay and helps analysts choose efficient assay designs that will minimize those sources of error. The author discusses microbiological assay as a branch of pharmaceutical analysis and distinguishes it from biological assay in general. He draws attention to the microbiological aspects that may not be so obvious to the chemical analyst and to the analytical aspects that may not be so obvious to the microbiologist. The book expands on the guidance given in pharmacopoeias and helps readers choose the assay design most appropriate for the purpose of their assay. |
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Microbiological Applications by Benson, Harold J. Edition ILL, 7 $4 Microbiological Applications. Benson, Harold J. |
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Handbook of Microbiological Media $209.95 A list of the formulation, method of preparation, and uses for over 4000 microbiological media. With 30 per cent more entries than the previous editions, it includes new information on international collection of microorganisms and expanded information of yeast, algae, and archaea. |
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Benson’s Microbiological Applications Complete Version by Brown, Alfred Edition ILL, 12 $47.49 Part 1 Microscopy1 Brightfield Microscopy2 Darkfield Microscopy3 Phase-Contrast Microscopy4 Fluorescence Microscopy5 Microscopic MeasurementsPart 2 Survey of Microorganisms6 Protozoa, Algae and Cyanobacteria7 Ubiquity of Bacteria8 The Fungi: Molds and YeastsPart 3 Manipulation of Microorganisms9 Aseptic Technique10 Pure Culture TechniquesPart 4 Staining and Observations of Microorganisms11 Smear Preparation12 Simple Staining13 Negative Staining14 Capsular Staining15 Gram Staining16 Spore Staining: Two Methods17 Acid-Fast Staining: Kinyoun Method18 Motility DeterminationPart 5 Culture Methods19 Culture Media Preparation20 Preparation of Stock Cultures21 Enumeration of Bacteria: The Standard Plate Count22 Slide Culture: FungiPart 6 Bacterial Viruses23 Determination of a Bacteriophage Titer24 Burst Size Determination: A One-Step Growth Curve25 Isolation of Phage from Flies26 Phage Typing Part 7 Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth27 Effects of Oxygen on Growth28 Temperature: Effects on Growth29 pH and Microbial Growth30 Water Activity and Osmotic Pressure31 Ultraviolet Light: Lethal Effects32 The Effects of Lysozyme on Bacterial Cells33 Evaluation of Alcohol: Its Effectiveness as an Antiseptic34 Antimicrobic Sensitivity Testing: The Kirby-Bauer Method35 Evaluation of Antiseptics: The Filter Paper Disk Method36 Effectiveness of Hand ScrubbingPart 8 Identification of Unknown Bacteria37 Morphological Study of An Unknown Bacterium38 Cultural Characteristics39 Physiological Characteristics: Oxidation and Fermentation Stet Reactions40 Physiological Characteristics: Hydrolytic and Degradative Stet Reactions41 Physiological Characteristics: Multiple Test Media42 Use of Bergey’s ManualPart 9 Miniaturized Multitest Systems43 Enterobacteriaceae Identification: The API 20E System44 Enterobacteriaceae Identification: The Enterotube II System45 O/F Gram-Negative Rods Identification: The Oxi/Ferm Tube II System46 Staphylococcus Identification: The API Staph SystemPart 10 Diversity and Environmental Microbiology47 Isolation of an Antibiotic Producer: The Actinomyces48 Nitrogen Cycle: Ammonification49 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation: Rhizobium50 Free-Living Nitrogen Fixation: Azotobacter51 Denitrification: Paracoccus denitrificans52 The Winogradsky Column53 Purple Nonsulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria54 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria: Desulfovibrio55 Bacterial Commensalism56 Bacterial Synergism57 Microbial Antagonism Part 11 Applied Microbiology58 Bacterial Food Counts59 Bacteriological Examination of Water: Most Probable Number Determination60 Bacteriological Examination of Water: The Membrane Filter Method61 Reductase Test62 Temperature: Lethal Effects63 Microbial Spoilage of Canned Food64 Microbiology of Alcohol FermentationPart 12 Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology65 Mutant Isolation by Replica Plating66 Bacterial Transformation67 Polymerase Chain Reaction for Amplifying DNA68 Plasmid IsolationPart 13 Medical Microbiology69 The Staphylococci: Isol |
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Benson’s Microbiological Applications Short Version by Brown, Alfred Edition ILL, 12 $110.33 Part 1 Microscopy1 Brightfield Microscopy2 Darkfield Microscopy3 Phase-Contrast Microscopy4 Microscopic MeasurementsPart 2 Survey of Microorganisms5 Protozoa, Algae and Cyanobacteria6 Ubiquity of Bacteria7 The Fungi: Molds and YeastsPart 3 Manipulation of Microorganisms8 Aseptic Technique9 Pure Culture TechniquesPart 4 Staining and Observations of Microorganisms10 Smear Preparation11 Simple Staining12 Negative Staining13 Capsular Staining14 Gram Staining15 Spore Staining: Two Methods16 Acid-Fast Staining: Kinyoun Method17 Motility DeterminationPart 5 Culture Methods18 Culture Media Preparation19 Enumeration of Bacteria: The Standard Plate Count20 Slide Culture: FungiPart 6 Bacterial Viruses21 Determination of a Bacteriophage Titer22 Isolation of Phage from Flies23 Phage TypingPart 7 Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth24 Effects of Oxygen on Growth25 Temperature: Effects on Growth26 pH and Microbial Growth27 Water Activity and Osmotic Pressure28 Ultraviolet Light: Lethal Effects29 The Effects of Lysozyme on Bacterial Cells30 Evaluation of Alcohol: Its Effectiveness as an Antiseptic31 Antimicrobic Sensitivity Testing: The Kirby-Bauer Method32 Evaluation of Antiseptics: The Filter Paper Disk Method33 Effectiveness of Hand ScrubbingPart 8 Identification of Unknown Bacteria34 Morphological Study of An Unknown Bacterium35 Cultural Characteristics36 Physiological Characteristics: Oxidation and Fermentation Stet Reactions37 Physiological Characteristics: Hydrolytic and Degradative Stet Reactions38 Physiological Characteristics: Multiple Test Media39 Use of Bergey’s ManualPart 9 Miniaturized Multitest Systems40 Enterobacteriaceae Identification: The API 20E System41 Enterobacteriaceae Identification: The Enterotube II System42 O/F Gram-Negative Rods Identification: The Oxi/Ferm Tube II System43 Staphylococcus Identification: The API Staph SystemPart 10 Applied Microbiology44 Bacterial Food Counts45 Bacteriological Examination of Water: Most Probable Number Determination46 Bacteriological Examination of Water: The Membrane Filter Method47 Reductase Test48 Temperature: Lethal Effects49 Microbial Spoilage of Canned Food50 Microbiology of Alcohol FermentationPart 11 Medical Microbiology51 The Staphylococci: Isolation and Identification52 The Streptococci and Enterococci: Isolation and Identification53 Gram-Negative Intestinal Pathogens54 A Synthetic EpidemicPart 12 Immunology and Serology55 Slide Agglutination Test: Serological Typing56 Slide Agglutination Test for S. aureus57 Slide Agglutination Test for Streptococcus58 Tube Agglutination Test: The Heterophile Antibody Test59 Blood GroupingAppendices |
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Microbiological Contamination Control in Pharmaceutical Clean Rooms $229.95 Nigel Halls explores a number of perceived problems in contamination control within the pharmaceutical industry. He includes information on microbiological contamination in sterile manufacturing, microbiological media fills, microbiological environment monitoring and much more. |
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German Measles – A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References $28.95 This is a 3-in-1 reference book. It gives a complete medical dictionary covering hundreds of terms and expressions relating to German measles. It also gives extensive lists of bibliographic citations. Finally, it provides information to users on how to update their knowledge using various Internet resources. The book is designed for physicians, medical students preparing for Board examinations, medical researchers, and patients who want to become familiar with research dedicated to German measles. If your time is valuable, this book is for you. First, you will not waste time searching the Internet while missing a lot of relevant information. Second, the book also saves you time indexing and defining entries. Finally, you will not waste time and money printing hundreds of web pages. |
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Benson&s Microbiological Applications by Brown, Alfred E. Edition REV,ILL, 9 $79.38 Benson&s Microbiological Applications. Brown, Alfred E. |
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Statistical Aspects of the Microbiological Examination of Foods by Jarvis, Basil Edition , 2 $70.95 Statistical Aspects of the Microbiological Examination of Foods by Jarvis, Basil |
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Microbiological Techniques $157.72 Microbiology is researched actively, and the field is advancing continually. It is estimated only about one percent of all of the microbe species on Earth have been studied. Although microbes were directly observed over three hundred years ago, the field of microbiology can be said to be in its infancy relative to older biological disciplines such as zoology and botany. This book will be very useful for the students of undergraduate and graduate students of pharmacy, microbiology, botany and quality control department of pharmaceutical industry. This book contains exhaustive note on current approaches related to different microscopic methods, microtome, sterilization, pure culture techniques and staining. Author: Kharia, Ankit A./ Kharia, Sonal/ Kharia, Anil Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 164 Publication Date: 2011/05/09 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.38 inches |
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